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A
ACME Software, 149-52
Albrecht, Karl, 159
Assessment, see Self-assessment
Auditors, 167
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B
Bartkowski, Steve, 172
Bean, L.L., 159
Boyles, Bobby, 172
Brooks, Frederick P., Jr., 191
Build technique, 118
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C
Capability Maturity Model (CMM), 83
Certified Software Test Engineer (CSTE), 41,
44
Challenges, 4, 7-11
Change, 133-48
(see also Management, of change)
control, 135, 137-38, 144, 147
impact analysis, 136, 144-46
measurement of, 186, 188, 190
people and, 183, 184-86
request, 144
ripple effect of, 134, 135-36
risk and, 176-77, 189
sources of, 147
support for, 183, 184-86
Checkpoint administrative worksheet, 39-40
Churchill, Winston, 172
Communication, 10, 48, 49, 51, 55, 92-106, 122ff.
criticism, constructive, 54
with customers, 9, 19, 22, 92-106
with developers, 10, 20, 22, 52, 54, 122,
124, 125, 129
gap, 99
with management, 90
techniques, 100
of testing role, 157, 158
with users, 9, 19, 22, 92-106
Conferences, 31, 33, 36, 42, 71, 89
Configuration control, 147
Congruence, 98, 159
Conway, Brendan, 147, 191
Cosby, Bill, 106
Covey, Stephen R., 51, 56, 191
Culture, 124, 131, 159, 170
Customers:
communicating with, 9, 19, 22, 92-106
defect discovery and, 58, 78, 150, 152, 167
end-users vs., 9, 94
expectations of testing, 149, 155-56, 167,
174
external, 94-95
identification of, 94, 95, 98, 106
internal, 94-95
involvement, 4ff., 9, 92ff., 101-4, 105, 159
role of, 95-96, 97
system concerns of, 167
teamwork with, 98
testing and, 96-97, 155-56, 159
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D
Dashboard, for testing, 81, 82
Defects:
blame for, 2, 10, 11, 45, 51, 56, 77, 79,
109, 123, 125, 149, 151, 159, 165
caused by changes, 139, 147
cost of, 78, 120, 167
counting of, 172
definition of, 158
fatigue and, 58
location of, 107, 153
management and, 28-29, 162-63
manual testing and, 58
missed, 58, 78, 79, 109, 139ff.
removal efficiency, 129
reporting, 149-51, 161-74
sources of, 27
toleration of, 150, 152, 167
zero, 157-58
DeMarco, Tom, 191
Deming, W. Edwards, 170-71
Developers:
accountability, 123-24, 126, 127
defect reports and, 162-63, 172
ratio to testers, 119
system concerns of, 166-67, 174
testers and, 2, 8, 45-56, 119, 122-32
testing by, 28, 30, 31, 34, 53, 68, 123, 130,
131, 136, 156
tools and, 68
unit testing and, 122, 124, 136, 162
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E
Einstein, Albert, 132
End-users: (see also User acceptance
testing)
adversarial attitude of, 104-5
communicating with, 9, 19, 22, 92-106
customer vs., 9, 94
expectations of testing, 102, 167, 174
external, 94-95
identification of, 95, 98, 106
internal, 94-95
involvement of, 4ff., 9, 92ff., 101-4, 105
revision requests and, 146
role of, 95-96, 97
system concerns of, 166-67
teamwork with, 98
testing by, 26, 28, 30, 31, 34, 53, 96-97
Expectation gap, 101-2
Expectations of testing, 101-2, 109, 110, 149,
155-56, 157-58, 166-68, 174
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F
Fantastic Foods example, 108-10
Foster, Willa A., 158
Freedman, Daniel P., 191
Frustration gap, 15
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G
Gause, Donald C., 191
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H
Heraclitus, 146
Hugo, Victor, 120
Humphrey, Watts S., 70, 192
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I
I-just-changed-one-line-of-code syndrome, 139
Impact analysis, 144-46
Implementation, 2
Inspections, 35, 79, 120, 166, 169, 172
Inspectors, 167, 169
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), 165
Integration testing, 63, 68, 136
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J
Johnson, Lyndon B., 146
Jones, Capers, 147, 192
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K
Karten, Naomi, 155-56, 157
Keyes, Jessica, 70, 192
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L
Lister, Timothy R., 191
Littlewood, B., 192
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M
Management:
(see also Managers; Tools, management
and)
of change, 10, 88, 124, 133ff., 137ff., 144,
177
culture vs., 124, 131, 159, 170
customer involvement and, 105
dealing with, 85
defects reports, 28-29, 162-63
dependence on testing, 79
developer testing and, 131
motivation for improvement, 130-31
process focus of, 76, 83-84, 152, 157, 170
process maturity and, 82-84, 152, 170
responsibility, 87, 90
rewards and, 188-89
stakeholders, 84-85
tester burnout and, 114
testing, strategic view of, 81-82, 155
testing, support for, 9, 18, 19, 22, 27, 41-42,
50, 53, 55, 77ff., 86ff., 117, 123, 124, 125,
131, 152-53, 180-82
training, support for, 25ff., 36-37, 38, 41-42
Managers:
system concerns of, 167
of testing activities, 77, 78, 86-87
testing and, 9, 18, 19, 50, 75-91
Markham, Edwin, 55
Measurement:
for process improvement, 186, 188, 190
for testing, 81, 86, 90, 106, 124, 129-30,
132, 148, 170
Mosley, Daniel J., 192
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N
Newton, Howard W., 105
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P
Performance testing, see Regression testing
Perry, William E., 41, 188-89, 192
Plan of action, 12, 13, 16, 175-90
(see also Process improvement)
advisors and, 72
baseline, 175, 179, 180-82
goal, 175, 182-83
measurement of, 186, 188, 190
people for, 176, 179, 183, 184-87
resources for, 175
rewards for, 176, 179, 186, 188-89, 190
schedule for, 176
for training, 43-44
way for, 176, 178-89
will for, 176-78
You Bet Your Job game, 178
Politics, organizational, 1, 3, 23, 78, 170,
185
Process focus, 76, 83-84, 152, 157, 170
Process improvement, 129-30, 176ff.
(see also Plan of action)
goal of, 182-83
measurement of, 186, 188, 190
people and, 183, 184-87
resistance to, 130
rewards for, 186, 188-89, 190
risk and, 176-77
six-step process for, 179-89
Process maturity, 82-84, 129-30, 132, 152, 170
Project:
champions, 84-85, 89, 91, 157
checkpoint, 38, 39-40
communication, 99-100
customers and, 96-97
end-users and, 96-97
progress tracking, 49
stakeholders, 73, 84-85, 91
Project Infinity example, 134-36
Prototyping, 68, 93, 97, 135
Proverbs, 72, 106
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Q
Quality assurance groups, 41, 44, 89, 192-94
Quality Assurance Institute (QAI), 8, 41, 82,
83, 126-27, 192
Quality control, 127, 153, 159
Quality of software, 10-11, 43, 130, 158, 175
accountability for, 122, 123
communication and, 10
conferences on, 31, 33, 36, 42, 71, 89
criteria for, 20
Kaizen concept and, 183
levels of, 20, 21, 22
management and, 77, 80, 90, 117, 131
responsibility for, 11, 47, 124, 153, 159
zero defects, 157-58
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R
Rapid application development (RAD), 35, 60,
68, 134, 135, 136, 143-44
Rational Software, 61, 140, 141
Reagan, Ronald, 146
Regression defects, 112-13
Regression testing, 28, 59, 60, 62, 63, 68,
119, 136, 137, 139-43, 148
automated, 141, 143
manual, 140-41
pseudo, 141
Requirements, 10, 18, 81, 117-18
cause-effect graphing, 120
changes to, 10, 20, 133ff.
definition, 20, 35, 68-69, 81, 96, 97
documentation, 20, 35
reverse-engineered, 117-18
testing and, 103-4, 110, 114-15, 116, 123,
124
for tool, 68-69
user acceptance testing and, 103-4
Review, post-implementation, 170
Rice, Randall W., 45-47, 123-24, 157-58
Risk, 4ff., 111, 154, 176-77
analysis, 55, 64, 121, 146
assessments, 115
of defects, 167
process improvement and, 176-77
reward and, 189
test design and, 110, 115
Robbins, Anthony, 55
Rohn, Jim, 43, 56, 72, 90
Ruskin, John, 131
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S
Scheduling, 9, 19, 22, 76, 78, 80, 89, 90, 108,
110, 112, 119, 176
Scope creep, 118
Self-assessment, 7, 13ff., 91, 175
as a baseline, 14, 175
categories of, 7ff., 15, 22
instructions, 15-16
interpretation of, 22-24
personal vision and, 14
summarization of, 16, 22
Simmons, C., 173
Skills:
(see also Skills, essential; Skills, optional;
Training)
people-related, 17ff., 24
self-assessment of, 17ff.
Tester 1, 3-4, 7
Tester 2, 3-4, 7
for testing, 4ff., 26, 28-36
testing process and, 4ff.
Skills, essential, 28-29, 30
defect management, 28, 30, 36
test execution, 28, 30, 34-35
test planning, 28, 30, 33, 34-35
test tool usage, 28, 30
Skills, optional, 28, 29, 30
building a test environment, 29, 30, 36
risk analysis, 29, 30, 33
test case design, 29, 30, 33
test measurement, 29, 30, 36
Software Engineering Institute (SEI), 83
Stakeholders, see Project, stakeholders
Stress testing, 28, 59
Strigini, L., 192
Sugarman, Joseph, 173
System:
attributes, 29
change to, 134ff.
checkpoint worksheet, 39-40
concerns, 166, 167
construction, 97
design, 97
development, 75, 92, 96
legacy, 108
purchase, 92, 96, 98
testing, 28ff., 35, 62, 68, 103-4, 111, 136
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T
Teamwork, 8, 45, 46-47, 49, 51, 52, 126
Technical support, 28, 30, 31
Test, 1
(see also Test reporting)
bed process, 142-43
cases, 27, 33, 59, 79, 104, 107, 110, 121,
138, 139, 140
coverage, 112
criteria, 10, 22, 81, 110, 112, 114-15, 117-18,
121, 133, 137
design of, 110-11
documentation, 163, 169-70
evaluation, 97
execution, 97
kinds of, 28
modular, 110, 115, 116, 136, 139, 148
plan for, 10, 33, 38, 97, 134, 138
reuse, 115-16, 121, 148
scripts, 115-16, 138-39, 142
standards, 122, 124, 126-28, 132, 164-65
template, 138
Tester 1, 3-4, 7
Tester 2, 3-4, 7, 50
Testers, 2-3
(see also Skills; Training)
accountability, 131, 132
burnout of, 57, 113-14, 169
courage, 171
developers and, 2, 8, 45-56, 119, 122-32
independent, 30, 31, 34, 45, 68, 108, 125
lose-lose situations and, 10-11, 149-60
and networking, 85, 89
perception of, 171
production software and, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 149,
150, 168, 171
ratio to developers, 119
recommendations of, 11, 22, 151
responsibility, 10, 87, 132, 153
Testing:
(see also Expectations of testing;
Integration testing; Regression testing; Scheduling;
Skills; Stress testing; System testing; Tools;
Testing process)
action plan for, 175-90
automated, 58ff., 80, 113, 116-17, 121, 143,
144, 148
awareness of, 85, 90-91, 157
backlog, 137, 143-44
beta, 96, 102-3
budget for, 6, 9-10, 18, 19, 22, 43, 55, 59,
89
career in, 13, 171-72, 189
charter, 86, 91, 154-55, 159-60, 171
complexity of, 111, 153
as continua, 4ff. cost of, 36, 37, 43, 70,
90, 126
effectiveness of, 43, 67, 75-76, 170
estimates of, 110, 116
functional, 29, 30, 97, 103
importance of, 57, 75, 85, 131
interdependent, 45, 50, 52
involvement in, 53-54, 55, 56
kinds of, 29ff., 59, 62
management and, 9, 18, 19, 22, 25ff., 53, 55,
75-91, 117, 123ff., 131, 152-53, 180-82
manual, 57, 59, 60, 80, 112-13
marketing of, 90, 91, 154
measurement and, 86, 110, 115, 116, 117-18,
121, 165, 170
outsourced, 105, 128, 130, 177
phases of, 35, 61-62
as quality control, 55, 76, 78, 88-89, 109,
117, 159, 168
requirements and, 103-4, 110, 114-15, 116,
123, 124
responsibility for, 87, 125, 153, 154, 159
reuse and, 115-16, 121
rework and, 125, 126, 137, 138-39
risk and, 111, 154, 176-77
role of, 149, 154, 157, 158, 167-68
scope of, 28, 107, 110, 111, 114, 118, 120,
123, 153
structural, 29, 30
of system, 28ff., 35, 62, 103-4
system development and, 75
time for, 2, 9-10, 18, 19, 36, 80, 85, 90,
107-21
traditional, 47-48
as training, 27
trial-and-error, 36
win-win approach to, 51, 52, 55
Testing process, 1, 21, 53, 88, 121, 123, 127,
132, 152-53, 160
change mechanism for, 138-39
management of, 81, 152-53
maturity of, 82-83
tools and, see Tools
variables in, 4ff.
Test reporting, 97, 149-51, 161-74
approaches, 163-74
audience of, 166-67
by developers, 172
management and, 162ff., 166-67, 171
objectivity and, 164, 165, 168-69
outline for, 165-66
process and, 164-65, 166, 173, 174
standards for, 165, 173
Throw-it-over-the-wall syndrome, 122ff.
Tools:
automated test execution, 62, 63, 66
capture/playback, 59, 62, 63, 66
categories, 62-66
checklist, 62, 65
cost of, 61-62, 69, 68
cost/benefit analysis of, 69, 70
defect tracker, 62, 64-65
developers and, 68
flowchart, 62, 65
inventory of, 72
logic and complexity analyzer, 62, 64
management and, 57, 58, 66-67, 70-72, 76,
80
purchasing, 57, 58
rapid application development, 134, 135, 136
requirements for, 68-69
script execution, 59
selection of, 59ff., 71, 72, 73-74
support for use of, 18, 22
survey, 68
test case generators, 59, 62, 64
test coverage analyzer, 62, 63-64
test data generators, 59, 62, 64
testing process and, 6, 58, 67, 70, 71, 72,
73-74, 132
testing without, 8, 57-74, 80
test manager, 62, 65
test script, 62, 65-66
training for, 69, 74
use of, 71, 72, 73, 116-17
vendors, 66-67, 69, 74
Total Quality Management (TQM), 170-71
Training:
budget for, 36, 37, 38, 42
certification, 41
charter and, 160
developers and, 3, 123, 124, 128-29, 132
kinds of, 31-33, 36 lack of, 33, 36
management support for, 25ff., 36-37, 38,
41-42 of self, 37, 38, 41, 44
testers and, 3, 8, 16, 17, 18, 22, 25-44, 132
time for, 38, 42
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U
Unit testing, 28, 62, 68, 111, 122, 124, 136,
162
Us-and-them approach, 52-53
U.S. Congress Office of Technology, 146
User acceptance testing, 28, 31, 34, 93, 95,
96, 102-4, 166
complexity and, 111
design of, 104
Karten example, 155-56
test tools and, 62, 68
training for, 105, 106
Users, see End-users
Us-versus-them mentality, 2, 8, 45, 48-50, 52-53,
55, 125
communication and, 48, 49, 51, 125
cooperation and, 48, 49
loyalty and, 50
morale and, 49
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V
V diagram, 35, 103
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W
Waterfall software development, 2, 68
Watson, Tom, Sr., 177
Webb, Jack, 173
Weinberg, Gerald M., 98, 191, 192
WIIFM, 54, 154
Workbench model, 126-27
World Wide Web, 69-70
Wright, Norman H., 173
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Y
Yutang, Lin, 120
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