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LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
PART ONE
CHAPTER 1 DATABASE INTRODUCTION
1.1 DATABASE COMES OF AGE
1.1.1 Three Schemes
1.1.2 Keys, Pointers, and Record Identification
1.1.3 Hierarchical and Net work Representations
1.1.4 Relational Representation
1.2 Database Design Techniques
1.2 DATABASE DESIGN TECHNIQUES
1.2.1 Design for a Specific Technology
1.2.2 Logical, then Physical, Design Approach
1.2.3 Design for a Single Purpose
1.2.4 Designing a Shared Resource
1.3 TRADITIONAL SYSTEM DESIGN
1.3.1 Function-Centered Design
1.3.2 Data as Unplanned Byproduct
1.3.3 Database Management Systems as Storage
Mechanisms
1.4 DATA CENTERED DESIGN
1.5 NEED FOR MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
1.5.1 Consolidating Information
1.5.2 Integrating in the Back End
1.5.3 Guiding the Front End
1.6 SUMMARY
1.7 REVIEW EXERCISES
1.8 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 CONTEXT FOR INFORMATION MODELING
2.1 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT
2.1.1 Information
2.1.2 Information Management
2.1.3 Information Systems Architecture
2.1.4 Methods, Tools, and Templates
2.2 ADDING VALUE TO THE BUSINESS
2.2.1 Where Information Modeling Helps
2.2.2 Making Right Choices
2.3 REVIEW EXERCISES
2.4 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 INFORMATION MODELING BASICS
3.1 INFORMATION MODELS
3.1.1 Information Model Components
3.1.2 Types of Information Models
3.1.3 Relationship to Function Models
3.1.4 Information Modeling Benefits
3.2 IDEF1X INFORMATION MODELS
3.2.1 Area Information Models
3.2.2 Project Information Models
3.2.3 Database Management System Model for Relational
Systems
3.3 INFORMATION MODELING APPROACHES
3.3.1 Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Middle-Out Approaches
3.3.2 When to Begin
3.4 INFORMATION MODELING LANGUAGES
3.5 REVIEW EXERCISES
3.6 REFERENCES
PART TWO
CHAPTER 4 IDEF1X OVERVIEW
4.1 JOURNEY THROUGH A SAMPLE MODEL
4.2 BASIC DIAGRAM COMPONENTS
4.2.1 Entities and Attributes
4.2.2 Diagram Syntax for Entities and Attributes
4.2.3 Keys
4.2.4 Candidate and Primary Key Attributes
4.2.5 Rules for Choosing Primary Keys
4.2.6 Alternate Keys and Inversion Entries
4.2.7 Generalization Hierarchies
4.2.8 Category Discriminators
4.3 RELATIONSHIPS AND FOREIGN KEY ATTRIBUTES
4.3.1 Relationships
4.3.2 Diagram Syntax for Relationships
4.3.3 Notion of Many
4.3.4 Reading a Model
4.3.5 Key Migration and Relationship Types
4.3.6 Identifying Relationships
4.3.7 Nonidentifying Relationships
4.3.8 Independent and Dependent Entities
4.4 ROLE NAMES
4.5 REVIEW REFERENCES
4.6 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 NAMES AND DEFINITIONS
5.1 CHOOSING A NAME
5.1.1 Singular Names
5.1.2 Clear Names
5.1.3 Naming Associative Entities
5.2 DEFINING ENTITIES
5.2.1 Entity Definition Structure
5.2.2 Defining Associative Entities
5.3 DEFINING ATTRIBUTE
5.4 DOMAINS
5.4.1 Domain Specifications
5.4.2 Domain Declarations and Explicit Titles
5.4.3 Logical and Physical Domain Distinction
5.5 DATA TYPES AND ROLE NAMES
5.6 DEFINING GROUP ATTRIBUTES
5.6.1 Group Attribute Descriptions
5.6.2 Composite Domains
5.6.3 Domains and Business Rules
5.7 DEFINITION REFERENCES
5.7.1 Circularity
5.8 SYNONYMS, HOMONYMS, AND ALIASES
5.9 DEFINITION EXAMPLES
5.9.1 Attribute Definition Examples
5.10 REVIEW EXERCISES
CHAPTER 6 ENTITIES, ATTRIBUTES, AND RELATIONSHIPS
6.1 ENTITIES
6.2 ATTRIBUTES
6.2.1 Derived Attributes
6.2.2 Group Attributes
6.3 RELATIONSHIPS AND CARDINALITY
6.3.1 Cardinality
6.3.2 One-to-Many Relationships
6.3.3 Recursive Relationships
6.3.4 Nonspecific Relationships
6.3.5 Resolving Nonspecific Relationships
6.3.6 Reading Many-to-Many Relationships
6.3.7 Associative Entities and N-ary Relationships
6.4 REVIEW EXERCISES
CHAPTER 7 GENERALIZATION
7.1 FORMING A GENERALIZATION HIERARCHY
7.1.1 Collecting Common Attributes
7.1.2 Using Ands and Ors
7.1.3 Specifying Complete and Incomplete Category
Structures
7.1.4 Collecting Common Relationships
7.1.5 Deciding When to Form a Generalization
Hierarchy
7.1.6 Collapsing Relationships Among Categories
7.2 OVERCOMING GENERALIZATION HIERARCHY PROBLEMS
7.2.1 Boolean Constraints
7.2.2 Key Substitution
7.3 RIGHT AMOUNT OF GENERALIZATION
7.4 REVIEW EXERCISES
CHAPTER 8 EDGE OF THE LANGUAGE
8.1 CONSTRAINTS
8.1.1 Insert, Replace, and Delete Rules
8.1.2 Referential Integrity Constraints and
Structured Query Language
8.1.3 Domain and Boolean Constraints
8.1.4 Unification
8.2 SURROGATE KEYS
8.3 HISTORY, TIMESTAMPS, AND EVENTS
8.3.1 Timestamps
8.3.2 Events
8.4 PRESENTING A MODEL
8.4.1 Views
8.4.2 View Description
8.5 SUMMARY
8.6 REVIEW EXERCISES
8.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 NORMALIZATION AND BUSINESS RULES
9.1 COMMON DESIGN PROBLEMS
9.1.1 Repeating Attributes
9.1.2 Multiple Use of the Same Attribute
9.1.3 Multiple Occurrences of the Same Fact
9.1.4 Conflicting Facts
9.1.5 Missing Information
9.1.6 Incorrect Business Rules
9.2 HIDDEN ERRORS
9.2.1 Unwanted Unification
9.2.2 Errors Introduced by Surrogate Keys
9.2.3 Overuse of Groups
9.3 A CAUTION
9.4 REVIEW EXERCISES
9.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 REVERSE ENGINEERING
10.1 REVERSE-ENGINEERED MODELS
10.1.1 Definitions
10.1.2 Usage
10.1.3 Levels of Reverse-Engineered Models
10.1.4 Expected Results
10.2 REVERSE-ENGINEERED EXAMPLES
10.2.1 Level-1 Model Inferences
10.2.2 Level-2 Model Inferences
10.2.3 Level-3 Model
10.3 SWEET DREAMS
10.4 REVIEW EXERCISES
CHAPTER 11 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
11.1 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
11.1.1 Changing Focus
11.1.2 Information Delivery
11.1.3 Harder Problems
11.1.4 Short Time Frames
11.1.5 Decentralization
11.1.6 Niche Solutions
11.2 FUTURE OF OPPORTUNITIES
11.2.1 Information Management Opportunities
11.2.2 New Information Product Opportunities
11.2.3 Information Research Opportunities
11.2.4 Integration and Bridging Opportunities
11.3 TOOLS
11.3.1 CASE Tools
11.3.2 Repositories
11.3.3 Intelligent Front Ends
11.3.4 Automation of the Transform
11.3.5 Support for Multiple Viewpoints
11.4 SPECIFICATION LANGUAGES
11.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 OBJECTS AND DMT/2
12.1 OBJECTS, LOGIC, AND THE EXTENDED CONCEPTUAL
SCHEMA
12.2 DMT/2 MOTIVATION
12.3 OBJECT-ORIENTED MODELING
12.3.1 Objects Subsumes Entity
12.3.2 Examples from the Video Store
12.3.3 Property Definition
12.3.4 Message Patterns
12.3.5 Specification Language
12.4 RULE-BASED MODELING
12.4.1 Rules
12.4.2 Control
12.5 TYPES OF MODELS
12.6 REFERENCES
PART THREE
CHAPTER 13 MARKET BUSINESS MODEL
13.1 FUNCTION MODELS
13.2 ACQUIRING THE ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
13.3 ERD DEFINITIONS
13.4 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14 MARKET KEY BASED MODEL
14.1 ACQUIRING THE KEY BASED MODEL
14.1.1 Choosing and Sequencing the Sessions
14.1.2 Acquiring the Views
14.1.3 Integrating and Validating the Views
14.1.4 Views and View Descriptions
14.2 PROTOTYPING
CHAPTER 15 MARKET DATABASE
15.1 FULLY ATTRIBUTED MODEL
15.1.1 Extending the Key Based Model
15.1.2 Logical Transactions
15.2 TRANSFORMATION
15.2.1 Physical System Names
15.2.2 Transformation Model
15.3 DATABASE GENERATION
15.4 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A ZACHMAN'S FRAMEWORK
A.1 ZACHMAN'S FRAMEWORK
A.1.1 Labels for the Rows and Columns
A.1.2 Framework Extensions
A.1.3 Notion of Completeness
A.1.4 Rules of Extension
A.1.5 Framework Revision for Objects
A.2 REFERENCES
APPENDIX B DATA ADMINISTRATION
B.1 NEEDS OF A BUSINESS
B.1.1 Business Client Needs
B.1.2 Application Development Needs
B.1.3 Database Administration Needs
B.1.4 System Programming Needs
B.1.5 Telecommunication Needs
B.1.6 Data Processing Operation Needs
B.1.7 Audit Needs
B.2 DATA ADMINISTRATION PRODUCTS (FUNCTIONS)
B.2.1 Education
B.2.2 Business Planning Support
B.2.3 Business Requirements Analysis and Database
Requirements Definition
B.2.4 Requirements Documentation
B.2.5 Logical and Physical Design
B.2.6 Database and Copy-Code Generation
B.2.7 Data Object Standardization
B.2.8 Existing System and Package Analysis
B.2.9 Systems Documentation and Inventory /
Change Management
B.2.10 Standards / Policy Enforcement
B.2.11 Speed
B.2.12 Summary
APPENDIX C INFORMATION MODELING SESSIONS
C.1 SESSION PLANNING
C.2 SESSION ROLES
C.3 SESSION RULES
C.4 SESSION STEPS
C.4.1 Session Steps Summary
C.5 FORMING A MODEL FROM THE VIEWS
C.6 VALIDATION AND STRESS TESTS
C.7 REFERENCES
APPENDIX D IRD RULE SUMMARY
D.1 IRD RULE SUMMARY - IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS
D.2 IRD RULE SUMMARY - NONIDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS
D.3 IRD RULE SUMMARY - COMPLETE CATEGORY RELATIONSHIPS
D.4 IRD RULE SUMMARY - INCOMPLETE CATEGORY RELATIONSHIPS
D.5 CONSTRAINTS
D.5.1 Primary Key
D.5.2 Alternate Key
D.5.3 Foreign Key
D.5.4 Category
D.6 REFERENCES
APPENDIX E COMMERCIAL PRODUCT SUPPORT FOR
IDEF1X
E.1 LEVERAGE
E.1.1 Product Functions
E.1.2 Normalization Support
E.2 ERWIN
E.2.1 Product Functions
E.2.2 First Normal Form Support
E.2.3 Second and Third Normal Form Support
E.3 REFERENCES
APPENDIX F CASE STUDY SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
F.1 KEY BASED MODEL ENTITY DEFINITIONS
F.2 KEY BASED MODEL ATTRIBUTE DEFINITIONS
F.3 LEVERAGE STRUCTURED MODELING LANGUAGE FOR
THE KEY BASED MODEL
APPENDIX G IBM's REPOSITORY MODELING LANGUAGE
G.1 IBM ENTITY TYPES
G.2 IBM ATTRIBUTES
G.3 IBM ENTITY KEYS
G.4 IBM RELATIONSHIP TYPES
G.5 IBM RELATIONSHIP PROPERTIES
G.5.1 Instance Control Property
G.5.2 Mandatory Property
G.5.3 Controlling Property
G.5.4 Ordered Set Property
G.6 IBM TO IDEF1X MODEL TRANSLATIONS - INDEPENDENT
ENTITIES
G.7 IBM TO IDEF1X MODEL TRANSLATIONS - DEPENDENT
ENTITIES
G.8 GENERALIZATION HIERARCHIES
G.9 ALTERNATE KEYS AND INVERSION ENTRIES
G.10 CONSTRAINTS, POLICIES, AND NOTES
G.11 AGGREGATION TYPES
G.12 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
G.12.1 Strengths of the IBM Language
G.12.2 Weaknesses of the IBM Language
G.13 ANALYSIS
G.14 REFERENCES
APPENDIX H ANSWERS TO SELECTED REVIEW EXERCISES
H.1 CHAPTER 1
H.2 CHAPTER 2
H.3 CHAPTER 3
H.4 CHAPTER 4
H.5 CHAPTER 5
H.6 CHAPTER 6
H.7 CHAPTER 7
H.8 CHAPTER 8
H.9 CHAPTER 9
H.10 CHAPTER 10
GLOSSARY
INDEX
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